what was the process of being taken in to a concentration camp

Nazi death camps established during World War 2 to primarily murder Jews

Nazi extermination camps
View of Sobibor extermination military camp, 1943 The Holocaust map: The six Nazi extermination camps prepare by the SS in occupied Poland, are marked with white skulls in black squares.
Location	German-occupied Europe (chiefly occupied Poland)
Date	World State of war II
Incident type	Extermination
Perpetrators	The SS
Organizations	SS-Totenkopfverbände
Military camp	Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibór, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek

Nazi Federal republic of germany used 6 extermination camps (German: Vernichtungslager), too chosen death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War 2 to systematically murder over 2.7 million people – mostly Jews – in the Holocaust.^{[1] [two] [three]} The victims of death camps were primarily murdered by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans.^[4] The half-dozen extermination camps were Chełmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps also used extermination through labour in order to kill their prisoners.^{[five] [half dozen] [four]}

The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities, to which the victims were taken by train, was the result of before Nazi experimentation with chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive Aktion T4 euthanasia program confronting hospital patients with mental and physical disabilities.^[seven] The engineering was adjusted, expanded, and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups; the Jews were the primary target, bookkeeping for over 90 percent of extermination camp victims.^[8] The genocide of the Jews of Europe was the Nazi Germany'due south "Last Solution to the Jewish question".^{[9] [4] [10]}

Background

U.S. aerial photograph of Auschwitz II Birkenau

After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the secret Aktion T4 euthanasia plan – the systematic murder of German, Austrian and Shine hospital patients with mental or physical disabilities authorized by Hitler – was initiated by the SS in society to eliminate "life unworthy of life" (High german: Lebensunwertes Leben), a Nazi designation for people who they considered to have no right to life.^{[11] [12]} In 1941, the experience gained in the secretive killing of these infirmary patients led to the cosmos of extermination camps for the implementation of the Final Solution. By so, the Jews were already bars to new ghettos and interned in Nazi concentration camps along with other targeted groups, including Roma, and the Soviet POWs. The Nazi'south so-called "Terminal Solution of the Jewish Question", based on the systematic murder of Europe's Jews by gassing, began during Operation Reinhard,^[13] after the June 1941 onset of the Nazi-Soviet war. The adoption of the gassing applied science past Nazi Deutschland was preceded by a wave of easily-on killings carried out by the SS Einsatzgruppen,^[14] who followed the Wehrmacht ground forces during Functioning Barbarossa on the Eastern Front.^{[fifteen] [a]}

The camps designed specifically for the mass gassings of Jews were established in the months following the Wannsee Briefing chaired by Reinhard Heydrich in January 1942 in which the principle was made articulate that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated. Responsibility for the logistics was to exist handled by the programme administrator, Adolf Eichmann.^[21]

On 13 October 1941, the SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik stationing in Lublin received an oral guild from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler – anticipating the autumn of Moscow – to commencement immediate construction work on the killing centre at Bełżec in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. Notably, the order preceded the Wannsee Conference past three months,^[22] but the gassings at Chełmno north of Łódź using gas vans began already in December, under Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange.^[23] The camp at Bełżec was operational by March 1942, with leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of Organization Todt (OT).^[22] By mid-1942, ii more expiry camps had been congenital on Polish lands for Functioning Reinhard: Sobibór (set in May 1942) under the command of Hauptsturmführer Franz Stangl, and Treblinka (operational by July 1942) under Obersturmführer Irmfried Eberl from T4, the only medico to take served in such a capacity.^[24] Auschwitz concentration camp was fitted with brand new gas chambers in March 1942.^[25] Majdanek had them built in September.^[26]

Definition

Members of the Sonderkommando burned the bodies of victims in the burn down pits at Auschwitz Two-Birkenau, when the crematoria were overloaded. (Baronial 1944)^[27]

The Nazis distinguished between extermination and concentration camps. The terms extermination army camp (Vernichtungslager) and death camp (Todeslager) were interchangeable in the Nazi organisation, each referring to camps whose main function was genocide. Six camps see this definition, though extermination of people happened at every sort of concentration camp or transit army camp; the use of the term extermination military camp with its exclusive purpose is carried over from Nazi terminology. The vi camps were Chełmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz (too called Auschwitz-Birkenau).^{[28] [29]}

Todeslagers were designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the Holocaust trains. Deportees were usually murdered within a few hours of arrival at Belzec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.^[30] The Reinhard extermination camps were under Globocnik'due south direct command; each of them was run past 20 to 35 men from the SS-Totenkopfverbände co-operative of the Schutzstaffel, augmented by about one hundred Trawnikis – auxiliaries mostly from Soviet Ukraine, and up to one k Sonderkommando slave labourers each.^[31] The Jewish men, women and children were delivered from the ghettos for "special treatment" in an atmosphere of terror by uniformed constabulary battalions from both Orpo and Schupo.^[32]

Death camps differed from concentration camps located in Germany proper, such equally Bergen-Belsen, Oranienburg, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen, which were prison house camps ready prior to World War II for people divers as 'undesirable'. From March 1936, all Nazi concentration camps were managed by the SS-Totenkopfverbände (the Skull Units, SS-Television), who operated extermination camps from 1941 as well.^[33] An SS anatomist, Johann Kremer, after witnessing the gassing of victims at Birkenau, wrote in his diary on two September 1942: "Dante's Inferno seems to me well-nigh a one-act compared to this. They don't call Auschwitz the campsite of annihilation for aught!"^[34] The distinction was evident during the Nuremberg trials, when Dieter Wisliceny (a deputy to Adolf Eichmann) was asked to name the extermination camps, and he identified Auschwitz and Majdanek as such. Then, when asked, "How practice y'all classify the camps Mauthausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald?", he replied, "They were normal concentration camps, from the point of view of the department of Eichmann."^[35]

Murders were not limited to these camps. Sites for the "Holocaust past Bullets" are marked on the map of The Holocaust in Occupied Poland by white skulls (without the blackness background), where people were lined up next to a ravine and shot by soldiers with rifles. Sites included Bronna Góra, Ponary and others.

Mass deportations: the pan-European routes to the extermination camps

Irrespective of round-ups for extermination camps, the Nazis abducted millions of foreigners for slave labour in other types of camps,^[36] which provided perfect cover for the extermination programme.^[37] Prisoners represented nearly a quarter of the total workforce of the Reich, with bloodshed rates exceeding 75 percent due to starvation, disease, exhaustion, executions, and concrete brutality.^[36]

History

In the early years of World War 2, the Jews were primarily sent to forced labour camps and ghettoised, just from 1942 onward they were deported to the extermination camps nether the guise of "resettlement". For political and logistical reasons, the nigh infamous Nazi German killing factories were built in occupied Poland, where about of the intended victims lived; Poland had the greatest Jewish population in Nazi-controlled Europe.^[38] On top of that, the new death camps outside of Germany's prewar borders could be kept underground from the High german ceremonious populace.^[39]

Pure extermination camps

During the initial stage of the Concluding Solution, gas vans producing poisonous exhaust fumes were developed in the occupied Soviet Union (USSR) and at the Chełmno extermination military camp in occupied Poland, before being used elsewhere. The killing method was based on experience gained by the SS during the secretive Aktion T4 plan of involuntary euthanasia. There were two types of death chambers operating during the Holocaust.^[13]

Unlike at Auschwitz, where the cyanide-based Zyklon B was used to exterminate trainloads of prisoners nether the guise of "relocation", the camps at Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór, built during Functioning Reinhard (October 1941 – November 1943), used lethal exhaust fumes produced by big internal combustion engines. The three killing centres of Einsatz Reinhard were constructed predominantly for the extermination of Poland's Jews trapped in the Nazi ghettos.^[twoscore] At first, the victim's bodies were buried with the employ of crawler excavators, but they were after exhumed and incinerated in open-air pyres to hide the evidence of genocide in what became known equally Sonderaktion 1005.^{[41] [42]}

The six camps considered to be purely for extermination were Chełmno extermination camp, Belzec extermination camp, Sobibor extermination campsite, Treblinka extermination campsite, Majdanek extermination military camp and Auschwitz extermination camp (as well called Auschwitz-Birkenau).

Whereas the Auschwitz II (Auschwitz–Birkenau) and Majdanek camps were parts of a labor campsite complex, the Chełmno and Operation Reinhard death camps (that is, Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka) were congenital exclusively for the rapid extermination of entire communities of people (primarily Jews) inside hours of their arrival. All were constructed virtually branch lines that linked to the Polish railway system, with staff members transferring between locations. These camps had near identical blueprint: they were several hundred metres in length and width, and were equipped with only minimal staff housing and support installations not meant for the victims crammed into the railway transports.^{[43] [44]}

The Nazis deceived the victims upon their inflow, telling them that they were at a temporary transit terminate, and would soon continue to German language Arbeitslagers (piece of work camps) further to the east.^[45] Selected athletic prisoners delivered to the decease camps were not immediately killed, merely instead were pressed into labor units chosen Sonderkommandos to assistance with the extermination process past removing corpses from the gas chambers and burning them.

Concentration and extermination camps

At the camps of Operation Reinhard, including Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka, trainloads of prisoners were murdered immediately subsequently arrival in gas chambers designed exclusively for that purpose.^[13] The mass killing facilities were adult at virtually the same time inside the Auschwitz II-Birkenau subcamp of a forced labour complex,^[46] and at the Majdanek concentration camp.^[13] In most other camps prisoners were selected for slave labor first; they were kept alive on starvation rations and made bachelor to piece of work as required. Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Jasenovac were retrofitted with Zyklon B gas chambers and crematoria buildings as the time went on, remaining operational until war's end in 1945.^[47]

Extermination process

Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp arrangement, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving. (A photograph from a drove known as the Auschwitz Album)

Heinrich Himmler visited the outskirts of Minsk in 1941 to witness a mass shooting. He was told by the commanding officer there that the shootings were proving psychologically damaging to those being asked to pull the triggers. Thus Himmler knew some other method of mass killing was required.^[48] After the state of war, the diary of the Auschwitz Commandant, Rudolf Höss, revealed that psychologically "unable to suffer wading through claret any longer", many Einsatzkommandos – the killers – either went mad or killed themselves.^[49]

The Nazis had first used gassing with carbon monoxide cylinders to murder 70,000 disabled people in Deutschland in what they called a 'euthanasia program' to disguise that mass murder was taking place. Despite the lethal effects of carbon monoxide, this was seen as unsuitable for use in the East due to the cost of transporting the carbon monoxide in cylinders.^[48]

Each extermination campsite operated differently, yet each had designs for quick and efficient industrialized killing. While Höss was away on an official journeying in late August 1941 his deputy, Karl Fritzsch, tested out an idea. At Auschwitz dress infested with lice were treated with crystallised prussic acid. The crystals were fabricated to order by the IG Farben chemicals visitor for which the make name was Zyklon B. Once released from their container, Zyklon B crystals in the air released a lethal cyanide gas. Fritzsch tried out the result of Zyklon B on Soviet POWs, who were locked up in cells in the basement of the bunker for this experiment. Höss on his return was briefed and impressed with the results and this became the camp strategy for extermination as it was besides to be at Majdanek. Too gassing, the camp guards continued killing prisoners via mass shooting, starvation, torture, etc.^[l]

Gassings

SS Obersturmführer Kurt Gerstein of the Institute for Hygiene of the Waffen-SS, told a Swedish diplomat during the war, about life in a death camp. He recounted that on xix Baronial 1942, he arrived at Belzec extermination camp (which was equipped with carbon monoxide gas chambers) and was shown the unloading of 45 train cars filled with half-dozen,700 Jews, many already dead. The rest were marched naked to the gas chambers, where:

Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making peachy efforts to get the engine running. Simply information technology doesn't go. Captain Wirth comes up. I can see he is agape, because I am present at a disaster. Yeah, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, fifty minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel [engine] did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They tin be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue", says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian (Trawniki) assisting Hackenholt twelve, 13 times, in the face. Afterward 2 hours and 49 minutes – the stopwatch recorded it all – the diesel fuel started. Up to that moment, the people shut upwards in those iv crowded chambers were yet live, 4 times 750 persons, in four times 45 cubic meters. Some other 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window, because an electrical lamp within lit up the chamber for a few moments. Later on 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, afterward 32 minutes, all were dead ... Dentists [then] hammered out gilt teeth, bridges, and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and, showing me a large can total of teeth, he said: "See, for yourself, the weight of that gold! It'due south but from yesterday, and the day before. Y'all can't imagine what we discover every day – dollars, diamonds, gilded. You'll see for yourself!" — Kurt Gerstein ^[51]

March of new arrivals along the SS barracks at Birkenau toward the gas chambers almost crematoria 2 and Iii, 27 May 1944. (A photograph from a collection known as the Auschwitz Anthology)

Auschwitz Military camp Commandant Rudolf Höss reported that the first time Zyklon B pellets were used on the Jews, many suspected they were to exist killed – despite having been deceived into believing they were to be deloused and then returned to the camp.^[52] As a result, the Nazis identified and isolated "difficult individuals" who might alert the prisoners, and removed them from the mass – lest they incite revolt among the deceived majority of prisoners en route to the gas chambers. The "difficult" prisoners were led to a site out of view to be killed off discreetly.

A prisoner unit of measurement Sonderkommando (Special Detachment) effected in the processes of extermination; they encouraged the Jews to undress without a hint of what was about to happen. They accompanied them into the gas chambers outfitted to appear equally shower rooms (with nonworking water nozzles, and tile walls); and remained with the victims until simply before the chamber door closed. To psychologically maintain the "calming effect" of the delousing charade, an SS man stood at the door until the terminate. The Sonderkommando talked to the victims about life in the campsite to pacify the suspicious ones, and hurried them within; to that consequence, they also assisted the anile and the very young in undressing.^[53]

To further persuade the prisoners that naught harmful was happening, the Sonderkommando deceived them with small talk near friends or relations who had arrived in before transports. Many immature mothers hid their infants beneath their piled dress fearing that the delousing "disinfectant" might harm them. Army camp Commandant Höss reported that the "men of the Special Detachment were particularly on the await-out for this", and encouraged the women to have their children into the "shower room". Likewise, the Sonderkommando comforted older children who might cry "because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion".^[54]

Withal, not every prisoner was deceived by such psychological tactics; Commandant Höss spoke of Jews "who either guessed, or knew, what awaited them, nevertheless ... [they] found the backbone to joke with the children, to encourage them, despite the mortal terror visible in their ain optics". Some women would suddenly "give the most terrible shrieks while undressing, or tear their hair, or scream like maniacs"; the Sonderkommando immediately took them away for execution by shooting.^[55] In such circumstances, others, meaning to relieve themselves at the gas sleeping room'south threshold, betrayed the identities and "revealed the addresses of those members of their race all the same in hiding".^[56]

One time the door of the filled gas chamber was sealed, pellets of Zyklon B were dropped through special holes in the roof. Regulations required that the Camp Commandant supervise the preparations, the gassing (through a peephole), and the backwash looting of the corpses. Commandant Höss reported that the gassed victims "showed no signs of convulsion"; the Auschwitz camp physicians attributed that to the "paralyzing upshot on the lungs" of the Zyklon B gas, which killed earlier the victim began suffering convulsions.^[57]

The remnants of "Crematorium Ii" used in Auschwitz-Birkenau between March 1943 and its destruction by the Schutzstaffel on 20 January 1945

Fifty-2 crematorium ovens, including these, were used to fire the bodies of up to 6,000 people every 24 hours during the operation of Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers.^[58]

Every bit a thing of political training, some high-ranked Nazi Party leaders and SS officers were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau to witness the gassings. Höss reported that, "all were deeply impressed past what they saw ... [however some] ... who had previously spoken most loudly, about the necessity for this extermination, fell silent in one case they had actually seen the 'final solution of the Jewish problem'." As the Auschwitz Campsite Commandant Rudolf Höss justified the extermination by explaining the need for "the fe determination with which nosotros must carry out Hitler's orders"; yet saw that even "[Adolf] Eichmann, who certainly [was] tough enough, had no wish to change places with me".^[59]

Corpse disposal

After the gassings, the Sonderkommando removed the corpses from the gas chambers, then extracted whatever gold teeth. Initially, the victims were buried in mass graves, but were later cremated during Sonderaktion 1005 in all camps of Operation Reinhard.

The Sonderkommando was responsible for burning the corpses in the pits,^[60] stoking the fires, draining surplus torso fat and turning over the "mountain of burning corpses ... then that the draft might fan the flames" wrote Commandant Höss in his memoir while in the Polish custody.^[60] He was impressed by the diligence of prisoners from the and so-called Special Detachment who carried out their duties despite their being well aware that they, also, would come across exactly the same fate in the end.^[threescore] At the Lazaret killing station they held the sick so they would never encounter the gun while being shot. They did it "in such a matter-of-course manner that they might, themselves, have been the exterminators" wrote Höss.^[60] He farther said that the men ate and smoked "fifty-fifty when engaged in the grisly job of burning corpses which had been lying for some time in mass graves."^[60] They occasionally encountered the corpse of a relative, or saw them inbound the gas chambers. According to Höss, they were obviously shaken by this but "information technology never led to any incident." He mentioned the case of a Sonderkommando who establish the body of his wife, yet continued to drag corpses along "as though nothing had happened."^[sixty]

At Auschwitz, the corpses were incinerated in crematoria and the ashes either buried, scattered, or dumped in the river. At Sobibór, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Chełmno, the corpses were incinerated on pyres. The efficiency of industrialised murder at Auschwitz-Birkenau led to the construction of iii buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from the business firm J.A. Topf & Söhne. They burned bodies 24 hours a day, and yet the death charge per unit was at times and so loftier that corpses also needed to exist burned in open-air pits.^[61]

Victims

The estimated full number of people who were murdered in the six Nazi extermination camps is two.seven meg, co-ordinate to the U.s. Holocaust Memorial Museum.^[62]

Campsite	Estimated deaths	Operational	Occupied territory	Current country of location	Primary means for mass killings
Auschwitz–Birkenau	1,100,000 [63]	May 1940 – January 1945	Province of Upper Silesia	Poland	Zyklon B gas chambers
Treblinka	800,000 [64]	23 July 1942 – 19 October 1943	General Government district	Poland	Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Bełżec	600,000 [65]	17 March 1942 – end of June 1943	General Authorities district	Poland	Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Chełmno	320,000 [66]	eight December 1941 – March 1943, June 1944 – eighteen January 1945	District of Reichsgau Wartheland	Poland	Carbon monoxide vans
Sobibór	250,000[67]	16 May 1942 – 17 October 1943	Full general Government district	Poland	Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Majdanek	at to the lowest degree 80,000[68]	1 October 1941 – 22 July 1944	General Government district	Poland	Zyklon B gas chambers

Dismantling and attempted concealment

Quondam Sonderkommando 1005 slave laborers stand side by side to a bone crushing auto at the Janowska concentration camp (photo taken in August 1944, later on camp'south liberation)

The Nazis attempted to either partially or completely dismantle the extermination camps in order to hide any evidence that people had been murdered there. This was an try to muffle non just the extermination process only as well the buried remains. As a result of the secretive Sonderaktion 1005, the camps were dismantled by commandos of condemned prisoners, their records were destroyed, and the mass graves were dug up. Some extermination camps that remained uncleared of bear witness were liberated by Soviet troops, who followed unlike standards of documentation and openness than the Western allies did.^{[69] [70]}

Nevertheless Majdanek was captured nearly intact due to the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration.^[69]

Commemoration

In the post-war period the authorities of the People'southward Republic of Poland created monuments at the extermination camp sites. These early on monuments mentioned no indigenous, religious, or national particulars of the Nazi victims. The extermination camps sites have been accessible to everyone in recent decades. They are popular destinations for visitors from all over the world, especially the most infamous Nazi decease camp, Auschwitz near the town of Oświęcim. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Holocaust organisations debated with the Shine Cosmic groups nearly "What religious symbols of martyrdom are appropriate as memorials in a Nazi expiry campsite such as Auschwitz?" The Jews opposed the placement of Christian memorials such as the Auschwitz cross about Auschwitz I where mostly Poles were killed. The Jewish victims of the Holocaust were mostly killed at Auschwitz Two Birkenau.

The March of the Living is organized in Poland annually since 1988.^[71] Marchers come from countries as various equally Republic of estonia, New Zealand, Panama, and Turkey.^[72]

The camps and Holocaust denial

Holocaust deniers or negationists are people and organizations who affirm that the Holocaust did not occur, or that information technology did not occur in the historically recognized way and extent.^[73] Holocaust deniers claim that the extermination camps were actually transit camps from which Jews were deported further east. However, these theories are disproven past surviving German documents, which show that Jews were sent to the camps to exist murdered.^[74]

Extermination army camp research is difficult because of extensive attempts by the SS and Nazi authorities to conceal the existence of the extermination camps.^[69] The existence of the extermination camps is firmly established by testimonies of military camp survivors and Last Solution perpetrators, material evidence (the remaining camps, etc.), Nazi photographs and films of the killings, and camp administration records.^{[75] [76]}

Awareness

In 2017 a Körber Foundation survey found that 40 percent of 14-twelvemonth-olds in Germany did not know what Auschwitz was.^{[77] [78]} A 2018 survey organized in the U.s. by the Claims Briefing, Usa Holocaust Memorial Museum, and others found that 66 percent of the American millennials who were surveyed (and 41 percent of all U.S. adults) did not know what Auschwitz was.^[79] In 2019, a survey of ane,100 Canadians found that 49 percent of them could not proper noun any of the Nazi camps which were located in High german-occupied Europe.^[80]

See likewise

• German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
• List of Nazi extermination camps and euthanasia centers
• "Polish expiry camp" controversy
• Soap made from man corpses
• Topf and Sons
• War crimes in occupied Poland during Earth War II

Notes

1. ^ The development of homicidal gas chambers is attributed by historians to Dr Albert Widmann, master chemist of the German Criminal Police (Kripo).^[sixteen] The first gas van manufactured in Berlin, was used by the Lange Commando between 21 May and viii June 1940 at the Soldau concentration army camp in occupied Poland, to kill ane,558 mental patients delivered from sanatoria.^{[17] [18]} Lange used his feel with exhaust gasses in setting upward the Chełmno extermination camp thereafter.^[nineteen] Widmann conducted beginning gassing experiments in the E in September 1941 in Mogilev, and successfully initiated the killing of local hospital patients with the exhaust fumes from a truck engine, minimizing the psychological touch on of the crime on the Einsatzgruppe.^[20]

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30. ^ Minerbi, Alessandra (2005) [2002]. A New Illustrated History of the Nazis. Rare Photographs of the 3rd Reich. Britain: David & Charles. pp. 168–. ISBN0-7153-2101-iii.
31. ^ Black, Peter R (2006). Bankir, David (ed.). Police Auxiliaries for Functioning Reinhard. Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. ISBNane-929631-60-X – via Google Books.
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33. ^ Stein, George H (1984). The Waffen SS. SS-Totenkopfverbände. pp. ix, twenty–33. ISBN0-8014-9275-0 . Retrieved seven October 2015.
34. ^ "Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (September v, 1942)". Holocaust-history.org. two March 1999. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
35. ^ Overy, Richard (2002). Interrogations. Penguin. pp. 356–357. ISBN978-0-14-028454-vi.
36. ^ ^{a b} Beyer, John C; Schneider, Stephen A (2006). "Introduction". Forced Labour under Third Reich - Office 1 (PDF). Nathan Associates. pp. 3–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 Baronial 2015. Retrieved 7 Oct 2015. Number of foreign laborers employed every bit of January 1944 (excluding those already dead): total of three,795,000. From Poland: 1,400,000 (survival rate 25.2); from the Soviet Marriage: 2,165,000 (survival rate 27.seven)^{Table 5.}
37. ^ Herbert, Ulrich (1997). "The Regular army of Millions of the Mod Slave Land (extract)". Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Deutschland under the Third Reich. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 – via Univ of the Westward of England, Faculty of Humanities; compiled by Dr S.D. Stein.
38. ^ "The evacuation of Jews to Poland", Jewish Virtual Library.'.' Retrieved 28 July 2009.
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40. ^ "Ghettos". encyclopedia.ushmm.org.
41. ^ Desbois, Patrick (nineteen August 2008). "Operation 1005". The Holocaust past Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews. New York, Northward.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 170. ISBN978-0-2305-9456-2.
42. ^ Arad 1999, pp. 152–153.
43. ^ Arad 1999, p. 37.
44. ^ "Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved three December 2007.
45. ^ "Deportation and transportation". The Holocaust Explained. London Jewish Cultural Center. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Internet Archive. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
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47. ^ Chiliad. Lifshitz, "Zionism" (משה ליפשיץ, "ציונות") p. 304. Compare with H. Abraham, "History of State of israel and the nations in the era of Holocaust and uprising (חדד אברהם, "תולדות ישראל והעמים בתקופת השואה והתקומה")"
48. ^ ^{a b} "Auschwitz: The Nazis and the Final Solution" Yesterday television set channel, xviii:00, 18 November 2013
49. ^ Hess, Rudolf (2005). "I, the Commandant of Auschwitz". In Lewis, Jon E. (ed.). True State of war Stories. New York Metropolis: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 321. ISBN978-0-7867-1533-6.
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53. ^ Höss 1959, pp. 164–165, 321–322.
54. ^ Höss 1959, pp. 164–165, 322–323.
55. ^ Höss 1959, p. 323.
56. ^ Höss 1959, p. 324.
57. ^ Höss 1959, pp. 320, 328.
58. ^ "The means of mass murder at Auschwitz: Gassing Operations". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
59. ^ Höss 1959, p. 328.
60. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Höss 1959, p. 168.
61. ^ Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Decease Military camp. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN978-0-253-20884-two.
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63. ^ USHMM.org. "Auschwitz". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. It is estimated that the SS and constabulary deported at a minimum 1.3 million people to Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the army camp regime murdered 1.1 million." (Number includes victims killed in other Auschwitz camps.)
64. ^ The Höfle Telegram indicates some 700,000 killed past 31 Dec 1942, yet the camp functioned until 1943, hence the true deaths total likely is greater. "Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved xx December 2012.
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68. ^ A contempo report reduced the estimated number of deaths at Majdanek, [in:] "Majdanek Victims Enumerated" by Pawel P. Reszka, Lublin, Gazeta Wyborcza 12 December 2005, reproduced on the site of the Auschwitz–Birkenau Museum: Lublin scholar Tomasz Kranz established new figure which the Majdanek museum staff consider authoritative. Before calculations were greater: ca. 360,000, in a much-cited 1948 publication by Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz, of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland; and ca. 235,000, in a 1992 commodity by Dr. Czeslaw Rajca, formerly of the Majdanek museum. However, the number of those whose deaths the camp administration did not register remains unknown.
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Bibliography

• Arad, Yitzhak (1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Functioning Reinhard Decease Camps. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-21305-i.
• Cox, John K. (2007). "Ante Pavelić and the Ustaša Land in Republic of croatia". In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southward Eastern Europe. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN978-1-55753-455-2. LCCN 60-5808 – via Google Books.
• Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Visitor. pp. ane–311. Retrieved fifteen January 2015 – via direct download: 16.vii MB from Scribd.
• Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-1-4422-0663-2 – via Google Books.
• Rees, Laurence (2006). Auschwitz: A New History. Public Diplomacy. ISBN978-1-58648-357-9.

Farther reading

• Bartov, Omer (2000). The Holocaust: origins, implementation, aftermath. London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-15035-iii – via Google Books.
• Gilbert, Martin (1997). Holocaust Journey: Travelling in search of the by. Phoenix. ISBN0-231-10965-2 – via Google Books. An account of the locations of the extermination camps as they are today, augmented by the historical information nigh them, and about the fate of the Jews of Poland.
• Klee, Ernst (1990). 'Turning the tap on was no large bargain': the gassing doctors during the Nazi period and afterwards. Vol. 2. Dachau Review. ISBN3-9808587-1-5 – via Google Books' snippet.
• Levi, Primo (1986). The Drowned and the Saved. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN0-7181-3063-4 – via Google Books.

External links

• The Holocaust History Project, Quick Facts on the Holocaust. Essays, Documents, Reproductions. Retrieved fifteen September 2015.
• Holocaust and concentration camps information
• The Holocaust Teaching & Archive Research Team
• Official U.S. National Archive Footage of Nazi camps
• Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Functioning Reinhard.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp

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